Polio Neck. "Polio shoulder" can also be a part of "polio neck," when the muscles that move the head and those that "shrug" the shoulders upward, go into spasm due to overuse weakness and poor posture. Polio neck is also the number one cause of headaches in polio survivors.

Polio Wrist. "Polio wrist" is usually caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, the squishing of the nerves that pass across the wrist. Polio survivors have much more carpal tunnel syndrome than the general population because pain in the wrists develops in the same way as polio shoulder -- from overuse of joints -- and in the case of the wrists, with repeated hyperextension (bending backward) as you push yourself upward from sitting to standing, or walk using crutches.

Polio Hip. Pain in the hips also is often the result of bursitis or tendonitis caused by weak hip muscles trying to keep you from wobbling back and forth. Polio survivors, and many doctors, immediately assume that all hip pain is due to arthritis. Polio survivors can have arthritis. But, hip pain is almost never caused by arthritis. Again, it is irritated tendons and ligaments that are making you hurt. What's more, what you call hip pain may actually be caused by low back or butt muscles going into spasm as they try to compensate for weak leg muscles.

What do you do about the big four? Since pain is triggered by overuse, you need to take the load off of angry joints, their weakened muscles and nerves, and their abused ligaments and tendons. Raising the height of chairs, using a toilet booster seat with a frame that surrounds the "throne" to help you stand, and using a wide tub bench instead of standing in the shower or hauling yourself in and out of the bath, will take the load off your upper body.

Once you're up, using lightweight Loftstrand crutches is better than using nothing or even a cane. If you have "polio wrist," crutches that have foam-covered handles or hand grips shaped to evenly distribute weight across your palms could be a big help (see www.walkeasy.com). Crutches are also helpful for polio hip, since they balance you from front to back and side to side, taking the load off of strained tendons and ligaments and weak hip, back and butt muscles. Of course, rolling in a power wheelchair is better than walking to ease all post-polio pains.

If taking the load off isn't helping enough, bursitis, tendonitis and muscle spasm can be treated by a physical or occupational therapist with ultrasound, heat (and sometimes, ice), deep muscle massage, EMG (muscle) biofeedback and training for proper posture. Your doctor may want to try a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, like ibuprofen or Celebrex. However, oral steroids should almost never be used to treat bursitis and tendonitis since their side effects are very unhelpful for most polio survivors. However, a few injections of cortisone and a local anesthetic into a joint or a muscle, followed by the above therapies, can knock down inflammation and prevent spasm. Local injections of cortisone in the wrist can also help reduce inflammation and swelling in those with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Sometimes, surgery may be required to treat CTS -- when the nerves are being pinched and damaged -- and to repair a torn rotator cuff. For some with a rotator cuff tear, therapy is recommended to increase muscle strength. Strengthening should be done without causing fatigue, muscle weakness or pain, and only after pain is gone. Asking a polio survivor to strengthen an overworked joint or muscle is like trying to put out a fire with gasoline.